Targeted Killing Timeline
A timeline!
I’ve been working on this timeline for almost nine months, trying to pull together the known dates about strikes against Americans, the evidence supporting the strike against Anwar al-Awlaki, the legal cases surrounding both targeted killing and torture, to which targeted killing is linked via the Memorandum of Notification, and Congressional efforts to exercise oversight.
September 17, 2001: George Bush signs Memorandum of Notification (henceforth, Gloves Come Off MON) authorizing a range of counterterrorism techniques, including torture and targeted killing.
September 18, 2001: Congress passes the Authorization to Use Military Force.
November 3, 2002: US citizen Kamal Derwish killed in drone purportedly targeting Abu Ali al-Harithi.
Late 2008: Ruben Shumpert reported killed in Somalia.
June 24, 2009: Leon Panetta gets briefed on assassination squad program.
June 26, 2009: HPSCI passes a funding authorization report expanding the Gang of Eight briefings.
July 8, 2009: The Administration responds with an insulting appeal to a “fundamental compact” between Congress and the President on intelligence matters.
July 8, 2009: Silvestre Reyes announces CIA lied to Congress.
October 26, 2009: British High Court first orders British government to release language on Binyam Mohamed’s treatment.
October 28, 2009: FBI kills Imam Luqman Asmeen Abdullah during Dearborn, MI arrest raid.
October 29, 2009: Hearing on declassifying mention of Gloves Come Off MON before Judge Alvin Hellerstein; in it, Hellerstein reveals NSA James Jones has submitted declaration to keep mention of MON secret.
November 5, 2009: Nidal Hasan attacks Fort Hood, killing 13.
December 24, 2009: JSOC tries but fails to hit Anwar al-Awlaki. On that day, the IC did not yet believe him to be operational.
December 25, 2009: With Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attack, FBI develops full understanding of Awlaki’s operational goals.
January 2, 2010: In conversation with David Petraeus, Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=10SANAA4“>speaks as if Awlaki, whom he refers to as a cleric, not an AQAP member, was a designated target of December 24 attack.
January 13, 2010: ACLU FOIAs for information on drone killing.
January 18, 2010: DOJ prepares talking points for Eric Holder to brief Obama on targeted killing.
January 19, 2010: Eric Holder meeting with Obama.
January 19, 2010: State adds AQAP and Nasir al-Wuhayshi and Said al-Shihri — but not Anwar al-Awlaki — to FTO.
January 25, February 15, 2010: According to much later decrypted emails British Airways Engineer Rajib Karim and Awlaki discuss attacks on British Airways.
January 26, 2010: Dana Priest reports Awlaki was already on JSOC targeted killing list, CIA considering adding him.
January 28, 2010: AUSA Sean Lane asks Hellerstein for two more weeks (until February 12) to comply with order in torture FOIA case.
January 29, 2010: DOD denies ACLU’s request for expedited processing/waiver. Abdulmutallab starts cooperating with FBI.
February 2010: Date on one of two OLC memos shared with Intelligence Committees in February 2013.
February 1, 2010: FBI informs Senate Intelligence Committee Abdulmutallab now cooperating.
February 3, 2010: Dennis Blair acknowledges drone program in Congress, explaining in part “We target them for taking action that threatens Americans or has resulted in it.”
February 5, 2010: Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab confession still consistent with “Abu Tarak” ordering plot, not Awlaki.
February 9, 2010: Potential Adbulmutallab confirmation Awlaki picked the target.
February 9, 2010: ODAG sends OLC two emails regarding language in January 18 talking points for Holder.
February 10, 2010: British Government releases language revealing they warned that Binyam Mohamed’s pre-OLC memo treatment might constitute torture.
February 17, 2010: Lane asks Hellerstein to stay his order regarding the Gloves Come Off MON language until he decides the ACLU’s motion to reconsider.
February 23, 2010: Abdulmutallab says he was not motivated by hatred of the US. This contradicts with his statement at sentencing.
March 1-3, 2010: Hilton submits a new declaration regarding the Gloves Come Off MON language, claiming new factual developments in the case; US Attorney Preet Bharara also submitted a letter urging Hellerstein to reconsider his ruling in light of the new facts.
March 9, 2010: CIA issues Glomar in Drone FOIA.
March 25, 2010: Harold Koh discusses targeted killing, implicitly discussing Awlaki.
March 29-30, 2010: Emails between OLC and attorneys from various agencies on potential statement on legal basis against US citizens in certain circumstances.
April 2010: Anwar al-Awlaki put on CIA kill list.
April 9, 2010: Govt gets extension in Drone FOIA to May 6.
April 16, 2010: Abdulmutallab’s interrogators ask about Awlaki’s martyrdom.
April 29, 2010: End date of earlier March 29 email chain on targeted killing.
May 18, 2010: DOD memorandum to OLC used in drone memo.
June 1, 2010: ACLU files amended complaint in Drone FOIA adding CIA.
June 11, 2010: NYT’s Scott Shane FOIAs DOJ OLC for memos on targeted killings.
June 24, 2010: David Barron announces his departure.
July 16, 2010: Treasury puts Awlaki on Specially Designated Terrorist list. Barron finishes second OLC memo.
July 20, 2010: Marty Lederman announces his departure.
August 2010: Stuart Delery becomes Senior Counselor to Holder.
August 27, 2010: Osama bin Laden questions whether Awlaki should take on greater leadership role without first being tested in battle.
August 30, 2010: Nasser al-Awlaki sues to prevent government from killing Anwar unless he presented imminent threat.
September 13, 2010: Abdulmutallab fires his lawyers, tries to plead guilty.
September 14, 2010: DOJ considers, then decides against, charging Anwar al-Awlaki
October 2, 2010: Hellerstein orders DOJ to release Gloves Come Off MON language.
October 10-11, 2010: Emails between OLC, Attorney General’s Office, and other National Security Lawyers on targeting US citizens.
October 16, 2010: Jabir al-Fayfi returns to Saudi Arabia and provides details of toner cartridge plot, naming others as more central leaders in plot.
October 21, 2010: Govt requests delay on FOIA discussion about MON itself pending decision on MON language.
November 8, 2010: Hearing in Nasser al-Awlaki suit on targeted killing.
December 7, 2010: Judge John Bates dismisses Awlaki suit.
February 2011: Ron Wyden asks DNI Clapper for information on Awlaki targeting.
March 24, 29, 2011: Department of State tries to get Awlaki to come to Embassy in Sanaa with ploy involving passport.
April 2011: Wyden calls Eric Holder and asks that OLC memos be provided to Congress.
May 5, 2011: US drone strike barely misses Awlaki
May 18-20, 2011: Emails between NSC, DOJ, and Legislative Affairs on draft legal analysis pertaining to lethal force against US citizen; one version includes Civil division; most include National Security Council.
May 2011: DOJ provides some information to Wyden, but doesn’t answer his questions.
June 23, 2011: Memo from Mike Mullen to National Security Legal Advisor on effect of US citizenship on targeting enemy belligerents.
September 9, 2011: Judge Rosemary Collyer grants CIA summary judgment in Drone FOIA.
September 16, 2011: John Brennan speech lays out new standard for imminence.
September 23, 2011: Government moves to protect something in Abdulmutallab case apparently tied to Awlaki.
September 30, 2011: Anwar al-Awlaki and Samir Khan killed in drone strike.
October 4, 2011: During jury selection, Abdulmutallab yells out, “Anwar is alive,” suggesting he had been told Awlaki had been killed.
October 5, 2011: Chuck Grassley requests targeted killing memo.
October 7, 2011: NYT’s Charlie Savage FOIAs OLC for memos on targeting killings.
October 8, 2011: Savage publishes detailed description of June 2010 OLC memo.
October 8, October 18, October 20-25, October 30-November 4, November 6-10, 2011: OLC email discussions about lethal force against US citizen, also including other agencies.
October 11, 2011: In opening argument of Abdulmutallab trial, DOJ claims “Abu Tarak” as the director of Abdulmutallab’s attack.
October 12, 2011: Abdulmutallab pleads guilty.
October 14, 2011: Abdulrahman al-Awlaki killed in JSOC drone strike.
October 19, 2011: ACLU FOIAs Anwar al-Awlaki OLC memo, underlying evidence supporting it, and information relating to Samir Khan and Abdullah al-Awalaki; group of OLC personnel meet in Viginia Seitz’ office on response, ostensibly to just NYT.
October 27, 2011: OLC denies both NYT requests under FOIA exemptions (b)(1), (b)(3), and (b)(5), and, in response to Shane’s request, also notes that with regards to other agencies, “neither confirms nor denies the existence of the documents” in the request.
October 27, 2011: DOJ Office of Information Policy grants ACLU’s request for expedited processing but determines the request fell within “unusual circumstances” so it could not meet the statutory deadline.
October 31, 2011: DOD denies ACLU’s request for expedited processing and also claimed “unusual circumstances.”
November 2011, unknown date: Situation Room meeting at which Principals decide to pursue a “half monty” strategy of limited release of information on Awlaki.
November 2, 2011: State sends two emails to AG, OLC, and various NatSec agencies on draft language on targeted killing.
November 3, 2011: Arbitrary end date DOJ’s Office of Information Policy placed on FOIA request for targeted killing documents.
November 4, 2011: NYT appeals its denial.
November 7, 2011: USSOCOM denies ACLU’s request for expedited processing and determined the request fell within “unusual circumstances.”
November 8, 2011: Stuart Delery drafts white paper.
November 8, 2011: In his opening statement for a DOJ Oversight hearing, Pat Leahy complains the Senate Judiciary Committee had not been given “the legal justification underlying drone strikes against an American citizen overseas.”
November 9, 2011: ACLU appeals summary judgment in Drone FOIA.
November 14, 2011: OLC denies ACLU’s request under FOIA exemptions (b)(1), (b)(3), and (b)(5).
November 17, 2011: CIA denies ACLU’s FOIA “pursuant to FOIA exemptions (b)(1) and (b)(3)” and claims that the “fact of the existence or nonexistence of requested records is currently and properly classified.”
December 27, 2011: DOD informs ACLU it could not process the request within statutory timeframe.
January 18, 2012: CIA informs ACLU it would be unable to respond to ACLU’s administrative appeal within statutory timeframe.
February 1, 2012: ACLU sues on Anwar al-Awlaki et al FOIA.
February 8, 2012: Ron Wyden follows up on his earlier requests for information on the targeted killing memo with Eric Holder.
February 10, 2012: In sentencing memo for Abdulmutallab, government releases narrative of Abdulmutallab’s confession.
February 11, 21, 2012: Email discussions about Jeh Johnson’s February 22, 2012 speech.
February 22, 2012: Jeh Johnson speech on targeted killing.
February 27, March 1, 2012: DOD emails discussing content of Eric Holder’s March 5, 2012 speech.
March 2012: Stuart Delery becomes PDAAG and Acting AAG at Civil Division.
March 5, 2012: Eric Holder speech lays out claimed basis for Awlaki killing.
March 7, 2012: Tom Graves (R-GA) asks Robert Mueller whether Eric Holder’s criteria for the targeted killing of Americans applies in the US; Mueller replies he’d have to ask DOJ.
March 8, 2012: Pat Leahy renews his request for the OLC memo at DOJ appropriations hearing.
March 9, 2012: 2nd Circuit hearing on Gloves Come Off MON
March 30, 2012: AUSA Sarah Normand asks ACLU to exclude draft legal analyses, email, and other correspondence from TK FOIA
April 3, 2012: ACLU accepts limit on draft legal analyses, but not email and internal communication.
April 4, 2012: Stephen Preston speech lays out CIA’s legal authorization to engage in targeted killing.
April 9, 2012: Govt requests 10-day extension on TK FOIA.
April 23, 2012: Govt requests 28-day extension on TK FOIA.
April 30, 2012: John Brennan speech admits we use drones to kill terrorists.
May 21, 2012: 2nd Circuit permits govt to keep mention of Gloves Come Off MON secret; In phone conference, Judge Colleen McMahon extends deadline to June 20, 2012.
June 7, 2012: After Jerry Nadler requests the memo, Eric Holder commits to providing the House Judiciary a briefing–but not the OLC memo–within a month.
June 12, 2012: Pat Leahy renews his request for the OLC memo at DOJ oversight hearing.
June 20, 2012: The government responds to NYT and ACLU lawsuits for memo and other documents related to targeted killing (though several of the declarations supporting that motion, including the one from DOJ OIP, were not submitted until June 21).
June 22, 2012: According to House Judiciary Committee letter, the date the 7-month old white paper provided to Committee (Dianne Feinstein says both Senate Judiciary and Intelligence Committees received the memo in June 2012 too).
June 27, 2012: In Questions for the Record following a June 7 hearing, Jerry Nadler notes that DOJ has sought dismissal of court challenges to targeted killing by claiming “the appropriate check on executive branch conduct here is the Congress and that information is being shared with Congress to make that check a meaningful one,” but “we have yet to get any response” to “several requests” for the OLC memo authorizing targeted killing. He also renews his request for the briefing Holder had promised.
July 18, 2012: ACLU, CCR, and Khan and Awlaki families file wrongful death suit.
July 19, 2012: Both Pat Leahy and Chuck Grassley complain about past unanswered requests for OLC memo. (Grassley prepared an amendment as well, but withdrew it in favor of Cornyn’s.) Leahy (but not Grassley) votes to table John Cornyn amendment to require Administration to release the memo.
August 10, 2012: Pat Leahy claims SJC received the white paper in response to his (and Grassley’s) initial requests from the previous year: “the Senators has been provided with a white paper we received back as an initial part of the request I made of this administration.”
October 18, 2012: Abdulmutallab prosecution team wins AG recognition for balancing intelligence collection and prosecution.
December 4, 2012: Jerry Nadler, John Conyers, and Bobby Scott ask for finalized white paper, all opinions on broader drone program (or at least a briefing), including signature strikes, an update on the drone rule book, and public release of the white paper.
January 14, 2013: Wyden writes John Brennan letter in anticipation of his confirmation hearing, renewing his request for targeted killing memos.
January 25, 2012: Rand Paul asks John Brennan if he’ll release past and future OLC memos on targeting Americans.
February 4, 2013: 11 Senators ask for any and all memos authorizing the killing of American citizens, hinting at filibuster of national security nominees.
February 7, 2013: On morning of Brennan confirmation hearing, Administration provides two OLC memos, withholding 7-8 more.
February 7, 2013: Pat Leahy and Chuck Grassley ask that SJC be able to get the memos that SSCI had just gotten.
February 7, 2013: In John Brennan’s confirmation hearing, Dianne Feinstein and Ron Wyden reveal there are still outstanding memos pertaining to killing Americans, and renew their demand for those memos.
February 8, 2013: Bob Goodlatte, Trent Franks, and James Sensenbrenner join their Democratic colleagues to renew the December 4, 2012 request.
February 13, 2013: In statement on targeted killings oversight, DiFi describes writing 3 previous letters to the Administration asking for targeted killing memos.
To add to timeline? Senator Lists the Death Toll From U.S. Drones at 4,700 People http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2013/02/graham-drones/
Did we ever get any more information on Cheney’s “assassination squad” and how that might relate to what’s going on now, beyond the June 24, 2009 reference?
http://emptywheel.firedoglake.com/2009/07/13/the-assassination-squads-two-points/
@Daniel: Some of those links are in there, largely in the way Silvestre Reyes tried to use it to force the Admin to brief them for real.
Didn’t work out that way.
@Daniel: Though now that you mention it, I wonder if one of the TK memos authorizes having mercenaries kill people?
This is why I still can’t believe some big name news corporation isn’t paying you wheelbarrow loads of money as an investigative journalist.
Murray Wass is surely squirming in his seat.
You rock, Marcy.
For the record: Over at FDL, Jeff Kaye, in response to a post by Kevin Gosztola, excerpts this relevant passage from the 9/11 Commission Report on the earlier history of President Clinton’s (ironically named) Memorandum of Notification (but i’m sure you knew this already):
The [Clinton] Administration’s position was that under the law of armed conflict, killing a person who posed an imminent threat to the United States would be an act of self-defense, not an assasination. On Christmas Eve 1998, Berger sent a final draft to President Clinton, with an explanatory memo. The President approved the document.
Because the White House considered this operation highly sensitive, only a tiny number of people knew about this Memorandum of Notification. Berger arranged for the NSC’s legal adv[i]ser to inform Albright, Cohen, Shelton, and Reno. None was allowed to keep a copy. Congressional leaders were briefed, as required by law. Attorney General Reno had sent a letter to the President expressing her concern: she warned of possible retaliation, including the targeting of U.S. officials. She did not pose any legal objection.
http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf
btw, impressive timeline of un-Constitutional activity, ew!
the outcome/fallout from this present episode in Amerikan history should be interesting
@x174: Right. THe Finding they actually updated here (with a Memorandum of Notification) is actually a REAGAN Finding from 1984 or 86.
But as Jeff and others rightly point out, we’ve never really been out of the assassination business.
Emptywheel’s timeline shows:
“Around June 2010: OLC completes Awlaki memo.”
Karen DeYoung and Greg Miller of the Washington Post recently reported (http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/senators-delay-vote-on-brennan-seek-more-information-about-drone-campaign/2013/02/13/6684beb2-761c-11e2-aa12-e6cf1d31106b_print.html) the following dates regarding the OLC opinions to kill Awlaki:
“Feinstein said the committee had received two Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinions related to targeted killings sometime before last week’s hearing. Days before the hearing, an unclassified OLC document was leaked that summarized its justification for the September 2011 drone strike that killed U.S.-born cleric Anwar al-Awlaki in Yemen. The White House subsequently agreed to allow committee members to view that OLC opinion, written in July 2010, as well as an earlier version from February 2010.”
@Snoopdido: Thanks so much! I hadn’t seen that detail. Will add it.
All the more interesting given that Barron announced his departure in June.
@Snoopdido: What’s interesting, though, is that Scott Shane FOIAed the OLC memo in June, suggesting he already knew about it.
@emptywheel: One obvious possibility about the need for an updated July 2010 OLC opinion to kill Awlaki was that the February 2010 OLC opinion to kill Awlaki turned out to be based on false “facts” obtained from the Abdulmutallab interrogations.
@Snoopdido: Note the Dennis Blair comment, saying that doing things that led to things that endangered Americans was enough to get you killed.
If there’s a memo that says that, then I imagine they spent a lot more time on a second one.
Also, that Blair comment was around the time Abdulmutallab may have finally tied Awlaki to ordering him to blow up the plane over Detroit. If that was floated in response to a plea promise, then it may not be accurate. So it may be that the first memo was the really shitty one, then they got him to implicate Awlaki, then wrote a more reasoned one.
@emptywheel: Also consider the possibility that what Shane was actually FOIAing, was the February 2010 OLC opinion to kill Awlaki, and that the OLC, fearful that they actually might be ordered to release the February 2010 OLC opinion to kill Awlaki, decided to “clean it up” by removing the unsubstantiated and “sole-sourced” Abdulmutallab interrogation accusations.
@emptywheel: I see we’re thinking along the same lines.
@Snoopdido: Additionally, if I were a thinking person as I suspect Senator Wyden is on the SSCI, I might have real questions as to why the most serious document a person could ever possibly write, a official US government “death warrant” for an American citizen, had to be changed and updated in less than 6 months.
I wonder if Senator Wyden had the opportunity in the SCIF reading room to compare line-by-line the February 2010 OLC opinion to kill Awlaki with the updated July 2010 OLC opinion to kill Awlaki, and then whether he had the opportunity to ask the DOJ just why the OLC opinion to kill Awlaki had to be updated.
I also wonder if Senator Wyden would answer these questions if asked.
@Snoopdido: I don’t think so, but I could be wrong. I’ve always assumed he FOIAed as soon as he heard about the big one.
Tho I admittedly could be wrong.
@Snoopdido: The ACLU/NYT FOIAs revealed a DOD OLC memo. That December strike was DOD, the June/July memo was written w/CIA in mind. So it’s possible that’s part of it.
@emptywheel: You may be right. I don’t know enough about OLC opinions to know whether they are typically only applicable to one US government organization or may more broadly encompass multiple US government organizations.
As you say, it may be that the updated July 2010 OLC opinion to kill Awlaki was broadened to include the CIA as their drone base in Saudia Arabia was coming online.
Based on this AP story (http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/06/15/source-drone-base-set-for-persian-gulf-region/) that came out around the same time as that updated July 2010 OLC opinion to kill Awlaki was finished, it appears that only the DOD/JSOC was performing targeting strikes in Yemen before the CIA got into the action with the Awlaki strike.
@Snoopdido: My mistake. That AP article came out a year after that updated July 2010 OLC opinion to kill Awlaki.
it would be interesting to know if the
october 28, 2009 fbi killing of asmeen abdullah in dearborne, triggered the
november 5, 2009 killing spree of army officer nidal hasssn at fort hood, kansas.
it’s hard to believe the world of american muslims would not have been talking about the very peculiar abdullah killing.
if so, chalk up another couple of completely unnecessary bad-judgment disasters to the fbi.
@orionATL:
which, if true, would in turn have a bearing on the national secuity beast’s assessment of al-awlaki’s “assigned responsibility”, aka “operationality” for the fort hood massacre.
@orionATL:
and, continuing trying to weave reality out of fantastical coincidences,
the nutty nigerian was going to (or had been ordered to) take a flight that would allow him to set off his bomb over detroit almost two months to the day after ameen abdullah’s killing by the fbi in dearborne.
i dn ‘t know that it belongs here, but i assume, perhaps quite wrongly, that the heretofore secret drone base in saudi arabia was edtablished after the yemeni air force botched a strike on al-a and killed a tribe or so in another attack. if so, the establishment of that drone base might warrant a line in the chronology – perhaps as joint base al-awlaki.
it occurs to me that, independent of the above speculation, al-awlaki was administratively executed because american leaders were worried he might be able to insight a surge of rebellion from american muslims.
this might be all the more worrying to those “national security heroes” who stay up late wondering who to kill to keep the rest of us safe (and to have the president patting his head and scratching him around his ears).
what might be even more alarming to these security dons would be an alliance between american caucasian muslims and american black muslims.
in any event, al-a may have been targeted not because he presented a serious danger to the american people, but because his rhetoric and tactics might have ignited outrage within the u.s. among its muslim population – caucasian and black.
this could be very bad for a leader’s political future.
this fear could also explain why the doj has been so ruthless and caniving in entrapping and sentencing mostly young american muslims.
look to israel for the model our national security beast is following and to why escalting violence is all that will keep the policy effective.
This is an amazing timeline that you put together.
I didn’t see this one in your timeline:
http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/10/20/al-qaeda-terror-leader-dined-pentagon-months/
“Anwar Al-Awlaki may be the first American on the CIA’s kill or capture list, but he was also a lunch guest of military brass at the Pentagon within months of the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks, Fox News has learned.
Documents exclusively obtained by Fox News, including an FBI interview conducted after the Fort Hood shooting in November 2009, state that Awlaki was taken to the Pentagon as part of the military’s outreach to the Muslim community in the immediate aftermath of the attacks.
Read more: http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/10/20/al-qaeda-terror-leader-dined-pentagon-months/#ixzz2LgPhDKRo
“
@Bustednuckles:
deep investigation off limits for big news outlets.